Cypraeoidea

Cypraeoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of marine gastropods within the caenogastropod lineage, commonly referred to as cowries and their allies. It includes the extant families Cypraeidae (true cowries) and Ovulidae (ovulids or false cowries), as well as a number of extinct families known from the fossil record. Classification of these groups varies among authors, and broader schemes may recognize additional related families within or near Cypraeoidea.

Shell morphology in Cypraeoidea is distinctive. Members typically have smooth, glossy, often brightly patterned shells with a long, rounded to elongate form. The aperture runs along much of the shell length and is bordered by prominent inner and outer lips bearing teeth or lirae. When threatened, many species can extend the mantle over the shell, enhancing the shell’s sheen and coloration. Size and coloration are highly variable across species and genera.

Distribution and ecology are wide but largely tropical and subtropical. Cypraeidae are commonly found on rocky substrates and coral reefs, where they graze on sponges. Ovulidae are frequently associated with soft corals, gorgonians, and sea fans, on which they feed. Many species are nocturnal and rely on camouflage for protection. Reproduction typically involves laying gelatinous eggs that hatch into free-swimming larvae, with development continuing in the plankton before settlement.

Conservation concerns for Cypraeoidea species include over-collection for shell trade and habitat degradation. Fossil representatives provide insight into the evolutionary history of this diverse group.