Cycloxygenaases

Cyclooxygenases, often abbreviated as COX, are a family of enzymes that play a crucial role in the synthesis of prostaglandins from fatty acids. These prostaglandins are potent signaling molecules involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including inflammation, pain, fever, and blood clotting.

There are two main isoforms of cyclooxygenase: COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most tissues and is responsible for producing prostaglandins that maintain normal physiological functions, such as protecting the stomach lining and regulating platelet aggregation. COX-2, on the other hand, is typically induced at sites of inflammation by cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. The prostaglandins produced by COX-2 are largely responsible for the characteristic symptoms of inflammation, pain, and fever.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, exert their therapeutic effects by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenases. By blocking prostaglandin synthesis, NSAIDs can reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. However, inhibition of COX-1 can also lead to unwanted side effects, such as gastrointestinal bleeding, due to the disruption of protective prostaglandin production in the stomach. Selective COX-2 inhibitors were developed to target inflammation more specifically while minimizing gastrointestinal side effects, though they have also been associated with cardiovascular risks. Understanding the distinct roles of COX-1 and COX-2 is essential for developing effective and safe therapeutic strategies.