Cryptographyrelated

Cryptographyrelated refers to topics connected with cryptography, the discipline that studies methods for secure communication and data protection. It encompasses techniques for confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation, as well as the study of how adversaries may compromise such protections and how to defend against them.

Core primitives include symmetric encryption such as AES and ChaCha20, and asymmetric or public-key cryptography such as RSA and elliptic-curve algorithms. Hash functions like SHA-256 and SHA-3 provide data integrity, while digital signatures (RSA, ECDSA, Ed25519) verify authorship. Key exchange protocols (Diffie-Hellman, Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman) enable secure session establishment without prior shared keys.

Cryptographic protocols and systems rely on standards and practices governed by organizations such as NIST and various RFCs. Common applications include securing web traffic with TLS, email protection with PGP/S/MIME, and digital certificates used in public key infrastructures. In finance and blockchain, cryptography enables secure transactions and identity verification.

Security considerations include side-channel resistance, constant-time implementations, secure randomness, and proper key management. The field also faces challenges from evolving threats, notably quantum computers, which drive research in post-quantum cryptography and quantum-safe protocols. Ethical and legal aspects, including privacy and dual-use concerns, shape modern deployment.