Costituzione

A constitution is the fundamental law of a state, establishing the basic principles on which the state rests, the organization and powers of government, and the rights and duties of citizens. As the supreme norm, it prevails over ordinary statutes and can authorize or constrain state action. Constitutions may be written in a single document or originate from broader traditions; most modern states rely on a written constitution that can be amended only through special procedures.

A constitution typically defines the form of government (such as republic or monarchy), the division of powers among the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary, and the procedures for elections. It also sets out the relationship between central and regional or local authorities, enshrines fundamental rights and freedoms, and outlines the methods for constitutional change and for reviewing laws to ensure they conform to the constitution.

Amending a constitution is usually more demanding than changing ordinary laws. Common requirements include supermajorities in legislative bodies, multiple readings, time intervals, and sometimes a referendum. Many systems also provide a specialized body, such as a constitutional court, to interpret the constitution and to rule on the compatibility of laws and government actions with constitutional norms.

In Italy, the Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana, approved by the Constituent Assembly in December 1947 and in force since January 1, 1948, established a republican, parliamentary framework, codified fundamental rights, and introduced regional autonomy. It provides for a bicameral Parliament, a President of the Republic as head of state, and a government responsible to Parliament. Constitutional matters are overseen by the Corte Costituzionale, which reviews laws for constitutionality, and reforms require special procedures and may involve referendums.