Chitosanases

Chitosanases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of chitosan. Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide derived from chitin, a structural polymer found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and cell walls of fungi. Chitosan is composed of randomly distributed beta-(1->4)-linked D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units. Chitosanases break down these long polymer chains into smaller oligosaccharides or monosaccharides.

These enzymes are classified under glycoside hydrolases, specifically in families such as GH18 and GH19, although other families have also been identified. The activity of chitosanases is dependent on factors like pH, temperature, and the degree of deacetylation of the chitosan substrate. Chitosanases can be produced by a wide range of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and even some plants.

The breakdown products of chitosan by chitosanases, known as chitosan oligosaccharides (COS), possess distinct biological activities. These activities include antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antitumor properties, making COS valuable in various applications.

Chitosanases have significant potential in several fields. In industry, they are used for the production of COS for nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and functional foods. They can also be employed in waste management for the biodegradation of chitinous materials. Furthermore, chitosanases are investigated for their role in agriculture as biopesticides and plant growth promoters, and in medicine for drug delivery and wound healing applications. Research continues to explore new sources and applications for these versatile enzymes.