Channa

Channa is a genus of freshwater fishes in the family Channidae, commonly called snakeheads. They are native to Asia, where most species occur. A separate African lineage, placed in the genus Parachanna, forms the other branch of the family. Together, Channa and Parachanna comprise the snakeheads, a group known for their elongated bodies and predatory habits.

Physical characteristics: Channa species have elongated, heavily built bodies, a large mouth with sharp teeth, and a dorsal fin that runs along much of the body. They are often vividly patterned, with stripes or bands that vary by species. They possess a suprabranchial or labyrinth-like organ enabling air-breathing; they can gulp air at the surface, allowing survival in sluggish or oxygen-poor waters.

Distribution and habitat: primarily distributed across freshwater systems of South, Southeast, and parts of East Asia; they inhabit rivers, swamps, floodplains, and weedy lakes. Some species have been introduced to nonnative regions through release or trade. Snakeheads are capable of moving short distances on land when surface moisture is present, facilitating dispersion.

Ecology and reproduction: snakeheads are opportunistic carnivores, feeding on fish, amphibians, crustaceans, and small vertebrates. They are ambush predators, often at the top of their local food webs. Reproduction typically involves nest-building or guarding eggs by a male; some species exhibit parental care through guarding the eggs and fry until they can feed independently.

Relation to humans: Channa species are valued in commercial fisheries and cuisine in Asia and are popular in the aquarium trade. Several species, notably Channa argus (northern snakehead) and Channa striata (striped snakehead), have become invasive in nonnative regions, including parts of North America, where they pose ecological risks by preying on native fish and spreading through waterways. Conservation status varies by species, with habitat loss and overfishing affecting some populations.