Cham

Cham refers to an Austronesian ethnic group in Southeast Asia, primarily located in central and southern Vietnam with smaller communities in Cambodia. They speak Cham, a language belonging to the Chamic branch of the Austronesian family, and historically used a script derived from Brahmi as well as an Arabic-based script for liturgical purposes. In modern times Cham communities also use local scripts such as Vietnamese or Khmer to aid communication and education.

The Cham trace their historical identity to the Kingdom of Champa, an independent coastal state along what is now central Vietnam. From roughly the 2nd century until the 15th century, Champa flourished culturally and commercially, influenced by Hinduism and Indian artistic traditions. The kingdom maintained Hindu temples and a distinctive architectural style, exemplified by temple complexes such as those at My Son. Champa underwent gradual decline as it faced repeated conflicts with the expanding Vietnamese state and other neighbors, culminating in the Vietnamese conquest of its capital Vijaya in 1471 and the eventual dissolution of Champa as a political entity.

Culturally, Cham society has been shaped by a blend of Hindu-Brahmanic and Muslim influences. While Hindu-inspired traditions left a lasting architectural and artistic imprint, many Cham today are Muslims, particularly in parts of Cambodia and Vietnam, with some Cham maintaining Hindu practices or indigenous beliefs. This religious diversity is reflected in rites, music, dress, and community organization.

In the present day, Cham communities are recognized as minority groups in Vietnam and Cambodia, preserving a distinct language and cultural heritage while adapting to broader national contexts. The Cham have contributed to regional art, music, and religious practice, and their historical kingdom remains a significant chapter in Southeast Asian history.