Ce4Ce3
Ce4Ce3 is a descriptor used in discussions of cerium-containing materials, particularly cerium oxides, to denote a mixed-valence environment in which cerium ions exist in both +4 and +3 oxidation states. It is not a standard chemical formula for a discrete compound, but a qualitative representation of a region where the ratio of Ce4+ to Ce3+ ions is approximately four to three within a local structural motif. The notion reflects cerium’s tendency to undergo redox cycling between Ce4+ and Ce3+ during oxygen storage and release.
In ceria (CeO2) and related oxides, Ce4+ is dominant; partial reduction creates Ce3+ and oxygen vacancies to
It is typically investigated using spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. Techniques such as X-ray absorption near-edge structure
Applications of cerium oxide materials rely on their mixed-valence chemistry, including automotive catalysts, solid oxide fuel