Caverne

Caverne is the French term for a natural underground chamber, larger than a simple cave, and is often used interchangeably with cavern. The word is used in geology, archaeology, and speleology to describe subterranean spaces shaped by geological processes. It derives from Latin caverna via Old French caverne.

Most caves form by dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, or gypsum in karst landscapes. Other types include lava tubes formed by flowing lava, sea caves carved by waves, and ice caves formed by freezing conditions. Caves consist of interconnected passages and chambers that may extend for kilometers.

Inside, mineral formations called speleothems develop over long timescales: stalactites hang from ceilings, stalagmites rise from floors, flowstones spread over walls, and columns link ceiling to floor. Environmental conditions inside caves are typically stable but sensitive to surface climate and human impacts on temperature and humidity.

Caves host specialized ecosystems, including bats, insects, and troglobitic species adapted to darkness. They also preserve paleontological and archaeological records; early humans used caves for shelter, ritual, art, and burial. Many caves are important for science, culture, and tourism.

Conservation: Caves are fragile groundwater and ecological systems. Disturbance from tourism, pollution, and vandalism can cause lasting damage. Protective measures include restricted access, guided tours, monitoring, and designation as protected areas or World Heritage sites.