Catatonia
Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome defined by a cluster of motor, behavioral, and affective abnormalities. Core signs include stupor or marked psychomotor retardation, mutism, negativism, rigidity or waxy flexibility, posturing, and echolalia or echopraxia. The presentation is heterogeneous and can alternate between immobility and agitation. Catatonia can occur in the context of mood disorders, schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, or as a result of medical illness or substance effects.
Causes and associations: Catatonia most commonly occurs in mood disorders (bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder) and
Diagnosis: Catatonia is diagnosed clinically, supported by rating scales such as the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale.
Treatment: Management begins with correcting medical problems and ensuring hydration, nutrition, and safety. Benzodiazepines, especially lorazepam,
Prognosis and history: With prompt recognition and treatment, catatonia is often reversible. Untreated, it can lead