Capabilitybased

Capability-based security is a model in which authorization to perform actions on objects is conveyed through capabilities—unforgeable tokens that grant specific rights. A capability effectively combines a reference to a resource with an associated set of permissions, and often with additional constraints such as a scope, time limit, or provenance. Possession of a capability grants the holder the rights encoded in it, without requiring a separate global access control decision.

In capability-based systems, access checks are local to the holder of the capability rather than centralized via object- or system-wide ACLs. This enables fine-grained, portable permissions and supports authority delegation: a capability can be passed to another process or actor to extend or transfer rights, subject to the capabilities’ own constraints. Revocation and tracking of delegated rights are important design considerations, since capabilities can be observed and copied, potentially complicating global policy enforcement.

Prominent lines of development include capability-based operating systems and hardware, capability-oriented programming models, and operating system extensions. Historical platforms such as KeyKOS, EROS, CapROS, and the Capsicum framework for Unix-like systems illustrate practical realizations, while hardware approaches like the CHERI architecture aim to provide hardware-enforced capabilities for memory safety and fine-grained access control.

Advantages of capability-based security include fine-grained access control, reduced reliance on centralized policy checks, and natural support for secure delegation. Challenges involve revocation, leakage prevention, and interoperability with traditional access-control mechanisms. The model has influenced modern security research and certain sandboxing and microkernel designs, even as mainstream adoption remains partial.

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