C7H8N4O2

C7H8N4O2 is the molecular formula of theobromine, a bitter alkaloid in the methylxanthine class. Theobromine is 3,7-dimethylxanthine, a close structural relative of caffeine and theophylline, sharing the xanthine core with two methyl groups attached to nitrogen atoms.

Natural occurrence and sources: Theobromine occurs naturally in cacao beans and is a major alkaloid in chocolate and related cocoa products. It is also found in smaller amounts in tea leaves and certain other plants. Concentrations vary with plant source and processing.

Chemical and pharmacological properties: As a xanthine derivative, theobromine acts as a central nervous system stimulant, though its potency is generally weaker than caffeine. It functions as an adenosine receptor antagonist, contributing to alertness and wakefulness. Theobromine also exhibits diuretic, vasodilatory, and bronchodilatory effects, which can influence cardiovascular and respiratory physiology to a limited extent.

Uses and dietary role: In foods, theobromine contributes to the characteristic flavor and bitterness of chocolate. In some medicines, it has been used as a mild diuretic or bronchodilator, though caffeine and theophylline are more commonly employed for these purposes. In humans, typical dietary intakes from chocolate and cocoa products are far below levels associated with serious adverse effects for healthy individuals.

Safety considerations: Theobromine is generally well tolerated by healthy humans at ordinary consumption levels. However, it can cause insomnia, restlessness, or tachycardia at higher intakes. It is notably more toxic to dogs and many other animals, so chocolate and cacao products should not be given to pets.