Bulbocavernosus

Bulbocavernosus, also called the bulbospongiosus muscle, is a paired superficial perineal muscle involved in the function of the urogenital region. It lies in the perineal region and surrounds the roots of the erectile tissues. The muscle originates from the perineal body and adjacent fascia, and its fibers run forward to insert into the erectile tissue and surrounding structures of the genitalia. In humans it is present in both sexes, with anatomy that reflects differences in erectile tissue between males and females.

In males, the bulbocavernosus contracts to compress the bulb of the penis and the proximal urethra. This action aids in expelling the remaining urine after micturition and contributes to ejaculation by increasing pressure within the erectile tissues. Contraction also helps maintain erection by restricting venous outflow from the penis.

In females, the muscle surrounds the vaginal opening and the vestibular bulbs. Its contraction constricts the vaginal introitus and assists in clitoral and vestibular engorgement during sexual arousal, contributing to sexual function. The bulbocavernosus is one of the superficial perineal muscles that can be targeted in pelvic floor therapy to improve continence and sexual function.

Clinical notes: The bulbocavernosus is part of the superficial perineal musculature and can be affected by pelvic floor disorders, perineal trauma, or gynecologic and urologic procedures. It may be strengthened or rehabilitated through pelvic floor exercises as part of broader pelvic health programs.