Bromeliad

Bromeliad is a common name for plants in the family Bromeliaceae, a diverse group of monocot flowering plants native mainly to the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, with a few species in Africa and Madagascar. The family includes roughly 75 genera and about 3,000 species, and it encompasses both epiphytic and terrestrial forms that grow in a variety of habitats, from rainforests to deserts.

Most bromeliads are rosette-forming perennials with leaves arranged in a tight spiral. In many species the leaves form a central tank that collects water and organic debris, creating a microhabitat for insects, tadpoles in some regions, and algae. Some genera, however, are leafless or form small clumps without a central reservoir, adapted to drier conditions.

Flowers are typically produced on tall inflorescences with bright bracts that attract pollinators such as hummingbirds, bats, and insects. Flowers are often short-lived, and after fertilization many bromeliads produce offsets, or pups, that can be separated to form new plants. The fruit and seed-set patterns vary across genera.

Morphology and physiology reflect adaptation to diverse habitats. Many bromeliads use CAM photosynthesis, particularly in epiphytic and dry conditions, which helps conserve water. They range from compact, ground-hugging forms to tall, tree-dwelling species.

Cultivation and uses. Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is the most economically important bromeliad. Many species are grown as ornamental plants for foliage and flowers, cultivated in warm regions or as houseplants. They require well-drained media, bright indirect light, and humidity; avoid overwatering, and provide good air circulation. Propagation is usually by division or by offsets.