Bothriolepis

Bothriolepis is an extinct genus of placoderm fish that lived during the Devonian period. These armored fish are among the most well-known and diverse of the placoderms, with fossils found on every continent except Antarctica. Bothriolepis species varied in size, but many were relatively small, typically reaching lengths of around 30 centimeters. Their most distinctive feature was their extensive bony armor, which covered their head and trunk, forming a protective carapace. This armor was composed of interlocking plates and scales. The head shield was particularly robust.

These fish possessed paired pectoral fins that were unusual in that they were jointed and could be tucked against the body, likely aiding in maneuvering or resting on the seabed. Their mouths were located ventrally, and they lacked true teeth, instead possessing sharp bony plates that served as cutting edges. The eyes were positioned on the top of the head, suggesting a lifestyle of lurking on or near the bottom of freshwater or estuarine environments. Bothriolepis is believed to have been a detritivore or a bottom-feeder, consuming organic matter and small invertebrates. The widespread distribution and abundance of Bothriolepis fossils indicate that they were a successful and ecologically significant group during the Devonian, often referred to as the "Age of Fishes."