Blockades

Blockades are measures intended to prevent movement of people, goods, or both into or out of a specified area. They are most commonly associated with naval actions in wartime but can also occur on land or in airspace.

In armed conflict, blockades typically involve ships stationed off a coast to intercept vessels and enforce entry and exit controls, and they may be strengthened by land barriers or checkpoints that seal routes into the territory. Blockades can target ports, coastlines, or overland corridors, and may disrupt supply chains and interdict contraband.

Legal and humanitarian considerations: International law treats blockades as a form of war measure. A blockade is generally lawful only if declared, notified, and effectively maintained, and if it avoids indiscriminate harm to civilians. Neutral shipping may be affected, and there may be exemptions for humanitarian goods.

Civil and peacetime use: Outside armed conflict, blockades can be used by authorities to enforce laws or protest actions. They may be lawful or unlawful depending on jurisdiction, and authorities may dismantle them if they threaten safety or infringe rights.