Bleistifts

Bleistifts, the German word for pencils, are writing instruments that use a graphite-based core encased in a protective outer shell. They are produced as traditional wood-cased pencils and as mechanical pencils, and come in a range of sizes, shapes, and hardness grades.

The graphite core is mixed with clay to control hardness. The ratio determines how dark the mark appears and how easily it can be erased. In many markets common grades include H, F, and B, with HB and 2B widely used. Harder leads (toward H) produce lighter lines, while softer leads (toward B) produce darker marks and may smear more easily.

Wood-cased pencils typically use softwoods such as cedar. The graphite-clay core is inserted into a wooden stave, glued, and trimmed to finished dimensions. Many pencils include a metal ferrule and an eraser at the end, though some compact models omit these features. The outer shell protects the core and influences durability and grip.

Mechanical pencils use a fixed-diameter lead that is advanced by a mechanism. Common diameters are 0.5 mm and 0.7 mm. Leads range in hardness similarly to wooden pencils, and varieties prioritize precision, break resistance, or erasable marks. Mechanical pencils often feature replaceable leads and refill systems.

History and use: deposits of graphite were found in England in the 16th century, leading to early pencil production. The Conté method, developed in 1795, mixed graphite with clay to regulate hardness and set a practical standard. Today, pencils are used for writing, drawing, and technical work, with regional standards and environmental considerations shaping modern production.