Birhor

The Birhor, also spelled Birhul, are an indigenous tribal community of India, traditionally described as forest-dwellers and hunter-gatherers. Their core homeland is in the eastern Indian state of Jharkhand, with smaller populations in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh and, to a lesser extent, West Bengal. They are recognized by the Indian government as a Scheduled Tribe.

Language and identity are central to Birhor culture. They speak the Birhor language, a member of the Munda sub-branch within the Austroasiatic language family. In many communities, Birhor is endangered as younger generations increasingly speak regional languages, though efforts exist to preserve the language and traditions.

Historically, the Birhor depended on the forest for food, shelter, and medicinal resources, practicing hunting, gathering, and shifting cultivation. In contemporary times, many Birhor have transitioned to mixed livelihoods that include settled farming, labor, and forest-related activities such as gathering forest produce and crafts like basket weaving. Market access and development programs are important for improving income, education, and health outcomes.

Social organization among the Birhor typically features clan or lineage groups with customary practices governing marriage and kinship. Religious beliefs often blend traditional forest spirits and rituals with Hindu, Christian, or other influences, reflecting broader regional religious changes.

The Birhor face challenges common to many forest-based communities, including poverty, limited access to education and healthcare, and pressures on forest resources. Preservation of language, culture, and livelihoods remains a focus of contemporary advocacy and policy.