Biometricsbased

Biometrics-based refers to the use of biometric data to identify or verify individuals. This approach relies on measurements of biological characteristics, such as physiological traits (fingerprints, iris patterns, facial geometry, DNA) and, in some cases, behavioral patterns (keystroke dynamics, gait, voice, handwriting). In practice, a biometric system collects an enrollment sample to create a reference template, which is stored securely. When a new sample is presented, the system performs a comparison or matching to determine whether it corresponds to the stored template.

Biometric processes are commonly categorized as verification or identification. Verification checks whether the presented trait matches a claimed identity (one-to-one), while identification searches for a match among a database of enrolled templates (one-to-many). System performance is evaluated using metrics such as false accept rates, false reject rates, and equal error rate. Security and privacy concerns drive the use of techniques like template protection, encryption, secure enclaves, and liveness detection to prevent spoofing and misuse.

Biometrics-based methods are widely used in consumer devices (smartphones and laptops), enterprise access control, border control, payments, and time-and-attendance systems. They offer advantages such as convenience, non-transferability, and rapid authentication, but they also face challenges including variability in sensing conditions, sensor quality, demographic bias, and risks related to data breaches. Regulations and standards—such as ISO/IEC 19794, FIDO/WebAuthn, and data protection regimes—address consent, data handling, and interoperability.

Ethical and practical considerations emphasize inclusivity, user consent, data minimization, and transparency in the deployment of biometrics-based systems.