Biokatalysis

Biocatalysis is a field of chemistry and biotechnology that utilizes enzymes or whole cells to catalyze chemical reactions. Enzymes are biological catalysts, typically proteins, that can significantly speed up specific chemical transformations under mild conditions, such as moderate temperatures and pressures, and often in aqueous environments. This contrasts with traditional chemical synthesis, which frequently requires harsh conditions, toxic reagents, and produces significant waste.

The application of biocatalysis offers several advantages, including high selectivity, which means enzymes can often target a specific molecule or even a specific stereoisomer, leading to purer products. Their efficiency and specificity contribute to more sustainable and environmentally friendly chemical processes, often referred to as green chemistry. Biocatalysis is employed in a wide range of industries, including pharmaceuticals, food and beverage, biofuels, and fine chemicals. For instance, it is used in the synthesis of chiral drugs, the production of high-fructose corn syrup, and the conversion of biomass into biofuels.

Enzymes can be used in their isolated form or as part of whole microbial cells. Immobilization of enzymes onto solid supports is a common technique to improve their stability, reusability, and ease of separation from reaction products. The development of genetic engineering and directed evolution techniques has further expanded the scope of biocatalysis by allowing for the modification and optimization of existing enzymes or the creation of novel biocatalysts with desired properties. Research continues to explore new enzyme sources and engineer existing ones for an even broader range of applications.