Biofertilization

Biofertilization is the use of living microorganisms or their products to enhance the availability of nutrients to plants, with the aim of improving growth, yield, and soil health. It encompasses the application of biofertilizers, biostimulants, and microbial consortia that operate in the rhizosphere or within plant tissues to support nutrient acquisition and plant vigor.

Key mechanisms include nitrogen fixation by bacteria such as Rhizobium, Azospirillum, and Azotobacter; phosphate solubilization and mineralization by various Bacillus and Pseudomonas species; and the mobilization of micronutrients through siderophore production and enzyme activity. Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic associations that extend the effective root system, improving water and nutrient uptake. Some microbes also promote plant growth directly by producing phytohormones or by suppressing soil-borne pathogens.

Commonly used biofertilizers cover nitrogen-fixers, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, and mycorrhizal fungi, and may be applied as seed coatings, root dips, or soil amendments. They are often used in combination with organic matter and, in some regions, integrated with conventional fertilization to reduce chemical inputs. Effectiveness is variable and influenced by crop species, soil type, climate, inoculant quality, and management practices. Proper storage, handling, and compatibility with existing agrochemicals are important considerations.

Regulatory and safety aspects focus on quality control and accurate labeling, with many biofertilizers treated as agricultural inputs. While biofertilization supports sustainable nutrient management and soil health, it is typically not a complete substitute for mineral fertilizers; rather, it is a component of integrated nutrient management and precision agriculture strategies.