BioMEMS

BioMEMS refers to the application of microfabrication-based MEMS technology to biology and medicine. These devices integrate microfluidics, sensing elements, and, in some cases, actuation and signal processing to manipulate and analyze biological samples at the microscale. Common materials include silicon, glass, and polymers such as PDMS and polyimide, with fabrication methods drawn from standard MEMS processes, including photolithography, etching, bonding, and surface modification.

The core ideas behind BioMEMS are miniaturization, automation, and integration. Microfluidic networks enable precise handling of small volumes, while embedded sensors detect chemical or physical properties. Actuators may drive fluid movement or cell manipulation, and integrated electronics provide data processing and user interfaces. Lab-on-a-chip concepts aim to perform complex analyses on a single compact platform, often combining sample preparation, reaction, and detection.

Applications span medical diagnostics, point-of-care testing, genomics and proteomics, cell biology, drug discovery, and implantable or wearable devices. Examples include microfluidic PCR cartridges, immunoassay chips, cell sorting systems, real-time monitoring sensors, and microdrug delivery pumps. BioMEMS devices are designed to reduce reagent use, shorten assay times, and enable high-throughput or bedside analyses, sometimes enabling new modalities of clinical testing and research.

Challenges include biocompatibility and sterilization, surface fouling, device reliability, and integration with larger clinical workflows. Regulatory approval, manufacturability, and cost remain important considerations for widespread adoption. Ongoing developments in materials, standardization, and hybrid systems continue to expand BioMEMS' role in healthcare and biology.