Bibliometri

Bibliometri, also known as bibliometrics, is the quantitative study of scholarly publications to measure patterns of scientific production and communication. It analyzes aspects such as publication output, citation networks, authorship, journals, and institutional affiliations, with the aim of describing how knowledge is created, shared, and reused.

Common methods include citation analysis (examining how often works are cited), co-citation analysis (how frequently two documents are cited together), bibliographic coupling (shared references between documents), and co-authorship networks (collaboration patterns). Indicators used in bibliometri include total citations, h-index, g-index, and i10-index; journal-level metrics such as the impact factor and Eigenfactor; and field-normalized measures that enable comparisons across disciplines. In recent years, altmetrics have complemented traditional metrics by tracking attention on social media, policy documents, and news outlets.

Data for bibliometric studies come from major bibliographic databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, Dimensions, Google Scholar, and OpenAlex. Researchers may combine multiple sources to enhance coverage and mitigate biases. Applications of bibliometri include research evaluation and benchmarking, policy making and funding decisions, library management, and science mapping to reveal trends, collaboration patterns, and knowledge diffusion.

Limitations and challenges include uneven database coverage across disciplines and languages, varying citation practices, self-citation, and potential metric gaming. Time lags and database inaccuracies can affect measurements, and reliance on quantitative indicators may overlook qualitative aspects of research quality. Bibliometri is closely related to scientometrics and informetrics, forming a core component of quantitative studies of science and scholarly communication.