Beryllium

Beryllium (Be) is a chemical element with atomic number 4. It is an alkaline earth metal and one of the lightest structural metals, with a density of about 1.85 g/cm3 and a melting point of 1287 C. It exhibits a high modulus of elasticity (about 287 GPa), good thermal conductivity, and dimensional stability over a wide temperature range. A thin oxide layer BeO forms on exposure to air, helping resist corrosion, but the metal is brittle in its pure form.

Occurrence and production: Beryllium occurs in minerals such as beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18) and bertrandite (BeSiO3OH). Commercial supply comes from these ores, with major deposits in several regions. Ore is processed to yield beryllium compounds that are then reduced to metal, typically via BeF2 reduction with magnesium or by electrolysis of BeF2-containing salts. Be metal is produced mainly for specialty alloys, notably beryllium-copper, and for applications requiring high stiffness and low mass.

Applications: Be metal and its alloys are valued for stiffness, light weight, and dimensional stability. Uses include aerospace components, precision instruments, X-ray windows and tubes, and neutron reflectors or moderators in nuclear reactors. Beryllium-copper alloys are widely used for springs and electrical contacts due to good strength and non-magnetic, non-sparking properties. Be compounds also have niche roles in ceramics, phosphors, and specialized optical or electronic materials.

Safety: Inhalation of beryllium dust or fumes is highly toxic and can cause acute or chronic berylliosis, a serious lung disease, as well as sensitization. Occupational exposure limits are strictly enforced in industry; appropriate ventilation, containment, and personal protective equipment are required. Disposal and recycling follow hazardous-material regulations to prevent environmental release. Household exposure is minimal, but handling Be-containing materials is subject to health and safety standards.