Batteriene

Batteriene are portable energy storage devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Most consist of one or more electrochemical cells connected in series or parallel, enclosed in a container. Each cell contains two electrodes—positive and negative—separated by an electrolyte that enables ion movement. The chemical reactions at the electrodes produce an electric current when the circuit is closed.

Batteriene are categorized by whether they are rechargeable (secondary) or non-rechargeable (primary). Common primary chemistries include zinc–carbon, alkaline, and lithium primary cells. Rechargeable chemistries include lead–acid, nickel–cadmium, nickel–metal hydride, lithium-ion, and lithium iron phosphate. Each chemistry offers different energy density, efficiency, temperature performance, and cycle life.

Performance is described by capacity, energy, voltage, and cycle life. Capacity (ampere-hours) and energy (watt-hours) depend on chemistry, size, and design. Lithium-ion, for example, offers high energy density; lead–acid is robust and inexpensive but heavy. Rechargeables enable repeated use; primary cells are designed for a single use until depletion.

Safety and handling are important. Overcharging, short circuits, or damage can cause overheating, leakage, or thermal runaway, particularly in high-energy chemistries. Proper charging equipment, temperature control, and risk management are essential. Environmental considerations include mining, manufacturing, and end-of-life recycling. Most battery chemistries require dedicated recycling streams to recover materials such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and lead.

History: The concept dates to the voltaic pile of 1800 by Alessandro Volta; development of improved chemistries followed in the 19th and 20th centuries. The lithium-ion battery, commercialized in the 1990s, enabled portable electronics and current electric vehicles. Batteries remain central to energy storage, portable devices, and grid applications, with ongoing research aimed at increasing safety, longevity, and sustainability.