Barrettszindróma

Barrettszindróma, also known as Barrett's esophagus, is a condition where the lining of the esophagus changes to resemble the lining of the intestine. This typically occurs in the lower part of the esophagus, just above the stomach. It is a complication of long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), where stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus.

The exact cause of the change in the esophageal lining is believed to be prolonged exposure to stomach acid, which irritates and damages the normal squamous cells of the esophagus. In response to this chronic injury, the cells undergo a metaplastic change, becoming columnar epithelial cells, similar to those found in the intestine. This metaplastic tissue is often described as being reddish-brown or salmon-colored and can be observed during an endoscopy.

Barrett's esophagus itself usually does not cause significant symptoms, although many individuals with the condition have a history of GERD symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and chest pain. The primary concern with Barrett's esophagus is the increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, a type of cancer. The presence of intestinal metaplasia is considered a precancerous condition, and there is a small but significant increase in the risk of malignant transformation over time.

Diagnosis is made through an upper endoscopy with biopsies. The biopsies are examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of intestinal metaplasia. If dysplasia, which are abnormal changes in the cells, is found, it further increases the risk of cancer. Management strategies focus on controlling GERD symptoms with medication, regular endoscopic surveillance to monitor for precancerous changes, and in some cases, endoscopic or surgical interventions to remove or ablate the abnormal tissue.