Barbituurhappe

Barbituurhappe, often colloquially referred to as "barbs," are a class of central nervous system depressants. Historically, they were widely prescribed for a variety of conditions including insomnia, anxiety, and epilepsy. Their development dates back to the early 20th century, with the first barbiturate, barbital, synthesized in 1903. Phenobarbital, introduced in 1912, became one of the most common.

These drugs work by enhancing the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain. GABA inhibits neuronal excitability, leading to sedative, hypnotic, and anticonvulsant effects. The duration of action of barbiturates varies depending on their chemical structure, with some being short-acting and others long-acting.

Due to their narrow therapeutic index and significant risks, including dependence, tolerance, overdose, and withdrawal symptoms, the use of barbiturates has drastically declined. They are now largely superseded by safer alternatives like benzodiazepines for anxiety and sleep disorders. However, some barbiturates, such as phenobarbital, remain important in the management of certain types of epilepsy. Their use is now highly regulated and generally restricted to specific medical applications.