Bagan

Bagan, also known as Pagan, is an ancient city and archaeological zone in the Mandalay Region of Myanmar, situated on the banks of the Ayeyarwady River. From the 9th through the 13th centuries, it was the capital of the Pagan Kingdom and a major center of Theravada Buddhism in Lower Burma. During its peak, the area contained thousands of religious monuments—temples, stupas, and monasteries—built primarily of brick with stucco and terracotta decorations.

The most celebrated monuments include Ananda Temple, Shwesandaw Pagoda, Thatbyinnyu Temple, Dhammayangyi Temple, and Sulamani Temple. Architectural styles vary but commonly feature brick construction, multi-tiered towers, and decorative brickwork, reflecting innovations in Burmese temple design of the period.

Bagan's temples are set on a broad plain along the river, creating iconic horizons where many pagodas rise above the landscape. The site remains a major pilgrimage and tourist destination, with visitors drawn to sunrise and sunset views, as well as to balloon flights over the temple field. Preservation has faced challenges, including earthquakes and the impacts of aging infrastructure and tourism. Researchers, conservationists, and local authorities work to document, restore, and manage the temple complexes while balancing public access and cultural heritage.