Bael

Bael, scientifically known as Aegle marmelos, is a deciduous tree in the citrus family (Rutaceae). Native to the Indian subcontinent, it is widely cultivated across South Asia for its fruit and traditional medicinal uses. The tree is also called wood apple or bel, and in many languages its culturally significant status is recognized.

Description: The tree typically grows 6–15 meters tall, with grey-brown bark. Leaves are usually trifoliate, consisting of three leaflets. The fruit is large, spherical to oblong, with a hard rind and fragrant, orange-brown pulp. Ripened fruit are sweet-sour and can be eaten fresh or processed into juice, sherbet, jams, and candies.

Uses: The pulp of ripe fruit is consumed fresh or processed into beverages and confectionery. In Ayurveda and traditional Indian medicine, bael is used for digestive disorders, fever, diarrhea, dyspepsia, jaundice, and other ailments. Leaves, bark, and root extracts are also employed in various traditional preparations.

Cultural significance: The bilva (bel) leaves are sacred in Hinduism and are offered to Lord Shiva. The tree is commonly planted near temples and is associated with religious rituals and certain festivals in the region.

Phytochemistry and research: Bael contains several bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. Laboratory studies have reported antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and potential antidiabetic effects. However, robust clinical evidence is limited, and traditional uses should not replace medical treatment.