Phytochemistry

Phytochemistry is the branch of science that studies the chemicals produced by plants. It encompasses the isolation, identification, structure elucidation, biosynthesis, and functions of plant secondary metabolites, as well as the roles of primary metabolites in plant physiology. Secondary metabolites include alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, and essential oils. These compounds are often not essential for basic growth but mediate interactions with herbivores, pathogens, pollinators, and the environment.

The field integrates botany, chemistry, pharmacology, and ecology. Researchers study where compounds occur in plant tissues, how they are formed in biosynthetic pathways, and how environmental factors influence production. Common methods include solvent extraction, chromatography (HPLC, GC), and spectroscopic techniques (NMR, MS, IR) to determine structure. Metabolomics and bioassays are used to assess biological activity and potential applications.

Applications and significance: many medicines and commercial products originate from plant metabolites, such as morphine, artemisinin, paclitaxel, and salicylic acid. Phytochemistry informs drug discovery, nutraceutical development, flavors and fragrances, and cosmetic ingredients. It also supports agriculture by identifying natural pesticides and plant defense compounds, and informs conservation of biodiversity and sustainable sourcing.

Challenges include variability in compound content due to genetics, climate, cultivation, and processing; complexity of plant matrices; and the need for standardized quality control. Advances in genomics, metabolomics, and synthetic biology are expanding the ability to harness plant chemistry for medicine and industry.