BSk

BSk is a cold semi-arid climate category in the Köppen climate classification system. The designation combines B (dry), S (semi-arid/steppe), and k (cool or cold year-round temperatures, with average annual temperature below 18°C). A BSk climate features relatively dry conditions but is not as dry as a desert (BW); precipitation is limited and often seasonal, with variable amounts from year to year.

Climatic characteristics include low to moderate annual precipitation, typically around 200 to 500 millimeters, and a tendency for evapotranspiration to exceed precipitation most of the year. Winters are cool to cold, and summers can be warm or hot, often with substantial temperature swings between day and night. Snowfall may occur in some areas during winter.

Vegetation in BSk regions is usually grassland or sparse shrubland, reflecting limited moisture availability. Soils are often shallow or moderately deep and can support grazing or drought-tolerant crops in places with irrigation or favorable microclimates.

Geographic distribution of BSk climates tends to be in the interiors of continents away from strong maritime influences, including inland plateaus and highland regions. They appear in parts of North America, Eurasia, and Africa where elevation or distance from the sea moderates temperatures and rainfall remains limited.

Human activity in BSk areas commonly revolves around pastoralism and extensive agriculture enabled by irrigation in some locales. Long-term climate trends and variability can influence the extent and productivity of land use in these regions.