Autolüüsi

Autolüüsi, also known as autolysis, refers to the self-digestion of a cell or organism after death. The term originates from the Greek words “auto,” meaning self, and “lysis,” meaning dissolution. In biological contexts, autolysis primarily involves the activation of lysosomal enzymes that break down cellular components. This process is a natural part of decomposition, particularly in tissues that have been preserved or stored at low temperatures.

During autolysis, the lysosomal membranes become permeable, allowing hydrolases such as proteases, lipases, and nucleases to access the cytoplasm. These enzymes cleave proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other macromolecules, gradually degrading the cellular structure. The rate of autolysis depends on factors such as temperature, pH, tissue type, and the presence of external microorganisms. Low temperatures slow the process, which is why autolysis is a concern in forensic investigations and in the preservation of biological specimens.

Commonly, autolysis manifests as a softening of tissues and a loss of structural integrity, often accompanied by the release of intracellular contents. In pathology, the presence of extensive autolysis can complicate the interpretation of postmortem tissue samples. Also, autolysis can occur in live cells under extreme stress, leading to necrotic cell death.

Scientists study autolysis to understand cell death mechanisms, to improve preservation techniques in biology, and to analyze forensic evidence. The phenomenon underscores the delicate balance between cellular structure and enzymatic activity that maintains life.