Autoimmunhämolytische

Autoimmunhämolytische Anämie, often abbreviated as AIHA, is a condition where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own red blood cells. Red blood cells are crucial for carrying oxygen throughout the body, and their premature destruction leads to a shortage, causing anemia.

The immune system typically produces antibodies to fight off foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses. In AIHA, however, these antibodies are directed against proteins on the surface of red blood cells. This autoimmune response can be triggered by various factors, including infections, certain medications, or other underlying autoimmune diseases. In some cases, the cause remains unknown, which is referred to as idiopathic AIHA.

Symptoms of AIHA can vary depending on the severity of the anemia. Common signs include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) due to the breakdown products of red blood cells. Enlargement of the spleen, an organ that filters blood, can also occur.

Diagnosis of AIHA involves blood tests to confirm anemia and identify the presence of autoantibodies that are binding to red blood cells. A direct antiglobulin test (DAT), also known as a Coombs test, is a key diagnostic tool.

Treatment aims to suppress the immune system's attack on red blood cells and reduce anemia. Corticosteroids are often the first line of treatment. If corticosteroids are not effective or lead to significant side effects, other immunosuppressive medications or splenectomy (surgical removal of the spleen) may be considered. In severe cases, blood transfusions may be necessary to quickly increase red blood cell counts.