Arthroscopy

Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical technique that allows direct visualization of a joint interior via an arthroscope, a small-bore camera-equipped instrument inserted through small incisions. The procedure can be diagnostic, therapeutic, or both, and is performed under regional or general anesthesia depending on the joint and complexity.

Common joints include the knee, shoulder, hip, ankle, elbow, and wrist. Indications range from assessment of unexplained joint pain, swelling, locking, or instability to treatment of meniscal tears, cartilage defects, rotator cuff disease, synovitis, and removal of loose bodies or inflammatory debris.

During the procedure, one or more small incisions (portals) are made. An arthroscope with a light source and camera is inserted to visualize the joint on a monitor. Sterile saline is infused to distend the joint for visibility. A variety of small instruments may be introduced through separate portals to perform debridement, repair, reconstruction, or tear removal.

Benefits include smaller incisions, less tissue trauma, reduced recovery times, less postoperative pain, and shorter hospital stays compared with open surgery. Limitations include a restricted field of view, difficulty with complex or extensive pathology, and the need for specialized equipment and training. Not all conditions are suitable for arthroscopy.

Risks are generally low but can include infection, bleeding, nerve or vessel injury, blood clots, stiffness, and instrument breakage or retained debris. Recovery typically involves short-term immobilization followed by physical therapy; return to full activity depends on the procedure and joint involved, ranging from days to several months.

History: Early arthroscopy began in the early 20th century, with modern knee arthroscopy popularized in the 1960s and 1970s, leading to widespread adoption across orthopedics.