Arteriovenousis

Arteriovenousis, often referred to as an arteriovenous fistula (AVF), is an abnormal connection between an artery and a vein. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart under high pressure, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart under lower pressure. Normally, blood flows from arteries to capillaries, which are tiny vessels where nutrient and gas exchange occurs, and then into veins. In an arteriovenousis, blood bypasses the capillaries and flows directly from an artery into a vein. This abnormal flow can lead to several complications.

Arteriovenousis can be congenital, meaning a person is born with it, or acquired due to injury, surgery, or medical procedures. Acquired AVFs are more common. Symptoms vary depending on the size and location of the fistula. Smaller AVFs may be asymptomatic or cause localized swelling and a palpable thrill, which is a vibrating sensation. Larger AVFs can lead to increased blood flow in the affected vein, potentially causing swelling, pain, skin discoloration, and even heart problems due to the increased workload on the heart. If located in a critical area, they can also cause neurological issues.

Diagnosis typically involves imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT angiography, or MRI angiography to visualize the abnormal connection. Treatment depends on the size, location, and symptoms of the arteriovenousis. Small, asymptomatic AVFs may be monitored. Larger or symptomatic AVFs often require intervention, which can include minimally invasive procedures like embolization, where a substance is injected to close off the abnormal connection, or surgical repair. The goal of treatment is to restore normal blood flow and prevent complications.