Apnesi

Apnesi, or sleep apnea, is a sleep disorder characterized by repeated episodes of partial or complete cessation of breathing during sleep. An apnea event is typically defined as a pause in breathing lasting at least 10 seconds and may be followed by brief arousals that fragment sleep and cause daytime symptoms.

Most cases are obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), caused by repeated collapse of the upper airway during sleep. Central sleep apnea (CSA) involves diminished or absent respiratory effort due to brain signaling problems.

Risk factors include obesity, enlarged tonsils or adenoids (in children), male sex, older age, smoking, alcohol use, hypothyroidism, and certain craniofacial features.

OSA is associated with cardiovascular disease, hypertension, stroke, and metabolic disorders, and can impair daytime function and quality of life.

Diagnosis is made by sleep studies, typically in-lab polysomnography or home sleep apnea testing. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) quantifies severity: mild (5–15 events per hour), moderate (15–30), severe (>30).

Treatment aims to prevent airway collapse and improve sleep quality. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the first-line therapy for many adults with OSA. Alternatives include bilevel PAP, oral appliances that advance the jaw, weight loss, positional therapy, and treatment of contributing conditions.

In selected cases, surgery may be considered to widen the airway. Untreated apnesi can contribute to daytime sleepiness, accidents, and long-term cardiovascular risk, though many patients benefit from treatment with improved energy and reduced comorbidity risk. Prevalence increases with age and is higher in overweight individuals.