Apicomplexan

An apicomplexan is a member of the phylum Apicomplexa, a diverse group of unicellular, obligate intracellular parasites within the Alveolata. Members infect a wide range of animals, including humans, and include organisms responsible for malaria, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, babesiosis, and coccidiosis in livestock and poultry.

A defining feature of apicomplexans is the apical complex, a collection of organelles such as rhoptries and micronemes used to invade host cells. Mature cells are typically non-motile, though their sporozoites or merozoites can glide during invasion. Life cycles are often complex, involving both asexual replication and sexual stages, with merozoites produced by schizogony and sporozoites serving to initiate new infection cycles in hosts or vectors.

Many apicomplexans possess a non-photosynthetic plastid known as the apicoplast, derived from secondary endosymbiosis and carrying essential metabolic pathways. The mitochondrion is present but often reduced in apparent complexity compared with other eukaryotes. These organelles make apicomplexans a target for antimicrobial therapies.

Phylogenetically, apicomplexans are part of the Alveolata, related to dinoflagellates and ciliates. Taxonomy reflects both morphological features and molecular data, and classifications have evolved with advances in genetics, leading to refinements in the placement of various genera and families.

Clinically and economically important genera include Plasmodium (malaria), Toxoplasma (toxoplasmosis), Cryptosporidium (cryptosporidiosis), Babesia (babesiosis), and Eimeria (coccidiosis in livestock). The study of apicomplexans continues to illuminate parasite biology, host–pathogen interactions, and potential intervention strategies.