AntiphospholipidSyndrom

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in the blood, leading to increased risk of blood clot formation and pregnancy complications. The condition can be primary, occurring independently, or secondary, associated with other autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.

The syndrome was first described in the 1980s and primarily affects young to middle-aged women, though it can occur in both sexes and all age groups. Common symptoms include recurrent blood clots in veins or arteries, which may lead to conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, stroke, or heart attack. Pregnancy-related complications are also frequent, including recurrent miscarriages, stillbirth, premature delivery, and preeclampsia.

Diagnosis requires both clinical evidence of blood clots or pregnancy complications and laboratory confirmation of antiphospholipid antibodies persisting for at least 12 weeks. The three main antibody types tested are lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, and anti-beta-2 glycoprotein I antibodies.

Treatment focuses on preventing blood clot formation through anticoagulant medications such as warfarin or low-dose aspirin. Pregnant women with APS typically require specialized care and may be treated with heparin injections combined with low-dose aspirin to reduce pregnancy complications.

The exact cause of APS remains unknown, though genetic factors, infections, and certain medications may trigger the condition in predisposed individuals. The syndrome affects approximately 1-5% of the general population, with higher prevalence among patients with autoimmune diseases.

Prognosis varies depending on the severity and type of complications experienced. With appropriate treatment and monitoring, many patients can manage the condition effectively and maintain normal lifestyles. However, without proper treatment, APS can lead to life-threatening complications including major organ damage from blood clots.