Ansiolytics

Anxiolytics are a class of psychoactive drugs used to treat anxiety disorders. They are also commonly referred to as tranquilizers. The primary goal of anxiolytic medication is to reduce or alleviate the symptoms of anxiety, such as nervousness, worry, fear, and physical manifestations like rapid heart rate or muscle tension. Different types of anxiolytics work through various mechanisms of action in the brain to achieve this calming effect.

The most widely prescribed anxiolytics are benzodiazepines. These drugs enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which has an inhibitory effect on the central nervous system, leading to reduced neuronal excitability. Other classes of anxiolytics include buspirone, which acts on serotonin receptors, and certain antidepressants like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), which are often used for chronic anxiety conditions. Barbiturates were historically used as anxiolytics but are less common now due to their higher risk of dependence and overdose.

Anxiolytics are typically prescribed for short-term relief of acute anxiety or for specific anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. While effective, these medications can have side effects, including drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, and potential for dependence and withdrawal symptoms with long-term use, especially with benzodiazepines. Therefore, they are usually recommended for the shortest duration possible and under the supervision of a healthcare professional.