Anklefoot

Anklefoot refers to the combined anatomic region of the ankle and the foot, shaped to support weight, absorb shock, and enable locomotion. The ankle joint, or talocrural joint, is formed by the tibia, fibula, and talus and primarily allows up-and-down movement (dorsiflexion and plantarflexion). The subtalar joint, between the talus and calcaneus, contributes to side-to-side motion (inversion and eversion). The foot is organized into hindfoot (talus and calcaneus), midfoot (navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms), and forefoot (metatarsals and phalanges), with arches that help distribute forces during walking and standing.

Ligaments and tendons provide stability across the anklefoot complex. Lateral ankle ligaments, including the anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, and posterior talofibular ligaments, stabilize the outer side of the ankle, while the deltoid ligament complex stabilizes the inner side. Syndesmotic ligaments hold the tibia and fibula together above the ankle. Tendons such as the Achilles, peroneal, and posterior tibial tendons contribute to movement and stability.

Common conditions affecting the anklefoot include ankle sprains, typically involving lateral ligaments, and ankle fractures that involve the malleoli or distal tibia/fibula. Tendinopathies (e.g., Achilles or posterior tibial tendon), plantar fasciitis, arthritis, flatfoot, and high arches are also encountered. Diagnosis relies on history, physical examination, and imaging studies such as X-ray, with MRI or CT used for complex injuries. Treatments range from rest, immobilization, and physical therapy to bracing or surgical intervention when instability or fracture warrants it.