Anestetice

Anestetice, or anesthetics, are drugs used to induce anesthesia, a state of diminished or absent sensation that allows medical or dental procedures to be performed without pain or distress. They are routinely divided into general, regional, local, and topical categories, reflecting the depth and scope of sensory block.

General anesthetics produce unconsciousness, amnesia, and often analgesia and immobility. They can be administered as inhaled volatile agents such as sevoflurane, isoflurane, or desflurane, or as intravenous agents like propofol, etomidate, or ketamine. These agents require careful airway management and continuous monitoring of vital functions, and are typically used in combination with analgesics and muscle relaxants.

Local anesthetics numb a small, specific area by blocking nerve conduction at the site of administration. Common agents include lidocaine, bupivacaine, mepivacaine, and tetracaine. They are used for local infiltration, nerve blocks, or regional techniques such as epidural or spinal anesthesia, and may be employed alone or with light sedation for patient comfort.

Topical anesthetics are applied to mucous membranes, skin, or other surfaces to produce surface numbness. Examples include lidocaine and benzocaine, used for minor procedures, dental work, or to prepare areas for injections.

Safety and monitoring are central to anesthesia practice. Potential risks include respiratory or cardiovascular depression, allergic reactions, nausea, and, in some cases, malignant hyperthermia with certain agents. Proper patient selection, dosing, and professional oversight are essential for minimizing complications.