Anemometern

Anemometern, commonly called an anemometer in English, is a device for measuring wind speed. In many configurations it also records wind direction when paired with a wind vane. It is a core instrument in meteorology, aviation, shipping, and wind-energy assessment.

Most anemometers fall into mechanical, thermal, and acoustic (ultrasonic) categories. Mechanical models include cup and vane sensors; rotation speed or vane orientation is translated into a wind-speed reading. Thermal sensors measure cooling of a heated element by the flowing air. Ultrasonic devices determine speed from the time of flight or Doppler shifts of sound between transducers, with no moving parts.

History and use: Early wind-measuring devices evolved into standardized anemometers in the 19th century. Today, measurement networks rely on multiple sensor types and calibrated reference instruments to ensure consistent wind data across locations.

Measurement practices emphasize height, exposure, and reliability. Wind speed is reported in meters per second or kilometers per hour, with typical measurement heights around 10 meters above ground for weather stations. Instruments require regular calibration and icing protection, and may be affected by turbulence, mounting orientation, and obstructions.

See also: Anemometer; Cup anemometer; Ultrasonic wind sensor; Wind profiler.