Anaalvähi

Anaalvähi, also known as anal cancer, is a malignancy that originates in the anal canal. The anal canal is the final section of the large intestine, connecting the rectum to the anus. This type of cancer is relatively rare compared to other gastrointestinal cancers.

The most common cause of anal cancer is infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a very common virus, and while most HPV infections clear on their own, persistent infection with high-risk HPV strains can lead to cellular changes that develop into cancer over time. Other risk factors include a weakened immune system, such as in individuals with HIV/AIDS, and chronic anal inflammation. Age is also a factor, with anal cancer being more common in people over the age of 50.

Symptoms of anal cancer can include rectal bleeding, pain or pressure in the anal area, a lump or mass near the anus, and changes in bowel habits, such as narrowing of the stool or fecal incontinence. These symptoms can sometimes be mistaken for other, less serious conditions like hemorrhoids, which can delay diagnosis.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination of the anal region, including a digital rectal exam, and may include anoscopy or proctoscopy to visualize the anal canal. Biopsies are essential to confirm the presence of cancer and determine its type. Imaging tests like CT scans or MRIs may be used to assess the extent of the cancer and whether it has spread.

Treatment options for anal cancer depend on the stage of the disease and may include a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Early detection and treatment generally lead to better outcomes. Regular screening, particularly for individuals with risk factors, can play a role in identifying precancerous changes or early-stage cancer.