Ammoniawater

Ammonia water, also known as ammonium hydroxide, is an aqueous solution of ammonia gas in water. It is commonly described as NH3(aq) or NH4OH, but it exists as an equilibrium mixture: NH3 + H2O ⇌ NH4+ + OH-. The exact composition depends on concentration, and there is no single fixed chemical formula for the solution.

Concentrations of ammonia in water vary widely. Household ammonia typically contains about 5–10% NH3 by weight, while industrial solutions can reach roughly 30–35% NH3. The solution is colorless and has a sharp, characteristic odor. It is highly alkaline, with a pH around 11–13, and is highly soluble in water. Ammonia is also volatile, so air exposure can lead to inhalation of irritating fumes.

Production and handling involve dissolving anhydrous ammonia gas in water and then controlling the concentration. Ammonia water is stored in corrosion-resistant containers and kept away from acids and oxidizers. In use, it requires good ventilation and personal protective equipment such as gloves and eye protection. It can react vigorously with acids, and mixing with chlorine-containing cleaners can release hazardous gases.

Uses and safety: Ammonia water serves as a cleaning agent, a pH adjuster, and a reagent in chemical synthesis and water treatment. It also provides nitrogen for certain fertilizers. Safety concerns include irritation or burns to skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract on exposure; prolonged or high-level exposure can cause more serious injury. Environmental releases can be hazardous to aquatic life, and spills should be contained and disposed of according to regulations.