AminosäurenSynthese

AminosäurenSynthese, which translates to amino acid synthesis, refers to the biochemical processes by which living organisms create amino acids. These molecules are the fundamental building blocks of proteins, essential for virtually all biological functions. Organisms can synthesize amino acids through two main pathways: de novo synthesis and salvage pathways.

De novo synthesis is the creation of amino acids from simpler precursors, typically intermediates of central metabolic pathways like glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. These pathways are complex and involve a series of enzymatic reactions. For example, the synthesis of alanine involves the transamination of pyruvate, an intermediate of glycolysis.

Salvage pathways, on the other hand, involve the recycling or modification of existing amino acid precursors or degradation products. This is a more energy-efficient process as it reuses molecules that are already present.

Microorganisms and plants generally possess the capacity for de novo synthesis of all amino acids, making them auxotrophic for none. Animals, however, are often unable to synthesize certain amino acids and must obtain them from their diet. These are known as essential amino acids. The synthesis pathways are tightly regulated to maintain appropriate amino acid levels within the cell, preventing both deficiency and toxicity. Understanding these synthetic routes is crucial for fields such as biotechnology, medicine, and nutrition.