Allergenes

Allergenes are substances that can trigger an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals. These reactions occur when the immune system overreacts to a normally harmless substance, identifying it as a threat. The immune system then produces antibodies, such as immunoglobulin E (IgE), which bind to mast cells and basophils. Upon subsequent exposure to the allergen, these cells release histamine and other inflammatory chemicals, leading to the symptoms of an allergic reaction.

Common allergenes include certain foods like peanuts, milk, eggs, soy, wheat, fish, shellfish, and tree nuts. Inhalant allergenes, such as pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds, dust mites, mold spores, and pet dander, are also frequent culprits. Contact allergenes, found in substances like poison ivy, nickel, and certain cosmetics, cause reactions upon skin contact. Insect venom from bees and wasps can also be allergenic.

Symptoms of an allergic reaction can vary widely depending on the allergen and the individual. They can range from mild, such as itching, sneezing, hives, and a runny nose, to severe, including difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat, a drop in blood pressure, and anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition. Diagnosis of allergies typically involves medical history, physical examination, and allergy testing, such as skin prick tests or blood tests. Management strategies include avoidance of the allergen, medications like antihistamines and corticosteroids, and in some cases, immunotherapy.