Alkaloseja

Alkaloseja is the Finnish term used to refer to alkalosis, a condition in which the body’s pH rises above the normal range due to a relative loss of hydrogen ions or a relative gain of base. It is defined by a blood pH higher than about 7.45 and is categorized by the primary disturbance: metabolic alkalosis, with elevated bicarbonate (HCO3-) concentration, and respiratory alkalosis, with reduced arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) due to hyperventilation. Mixed forms can also occur.

Metabolic alkalosis occurs when there is loss of gastric acid (for example through vomiting or nasogastric suction), significant diuretic use, mineral disturbances such as hypokalemia, or disorders that increase bicarbonate. Respiratory alkalosis results from hyperventilation caused by anxiety, pain, fever, high altitude, or lung diseases, and can be worsened by concomitant metabolic changes.

Symptoms of alkalosis can include lightheadedness, tingling or numbness in the lips or fingers, muscle cramps, weakness, and, in severe cases, confusion or seizures. Diagnosis relies on arterial blood gas measurements showing pH above normal, along with the pattern of PaCO2 and HCO3- to distinguish metabolic from respiratory causes. Additional tests often assess electrolytes (potassium, chloride, calcium), volume status, and the underlying condition.

Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause. Metabolic alkalosis may require fluid resuscitation with saline and electrolyte correction (notably potassium and chlorine), while respiratory alkalosis centers on controlling ventilation and treating provoking stimuli. Most mild alkaloses improve with appropriate management; severe or persistent cases require careful hospital evaluation due to potential associations with serious illnesses.