Alcoholic

An alcoholic is a person whose drinking has become problematic or excessive. In clinical contexts, the preferred term is a person with alcohol use disorder (AUD). The word 'alcoholic' is historical and can carry stigma, so it is often avoided in medical writing.

Alcohol use disorder is a medical condition defined by patterns of drinking that cause distress or impairment. In the DSM-5, a diagnosis requires at least two of eleven criteria within a 12-month period, with severity rated as mild (2–3), moderate (4–5), or severe (6+). Criteria include impaired control over use, craving, tolerance, withdrawal, unsuccessful attempts to cut down, neglect of roles, continued use despite physical or interpersonal problems, hazardous use, and significant time spent related to drinking.

Health effects of sustained heavy drinking include acute risks such as accidents and alcohol poisoning, and chronic risks such as liver disease (including cirrhosis), pancreatitis, certain cancers, cardiovascular problems, and cognitive or mental health disorders. Withdrawal symptoms can be severe and require medical supervision in some cases.

Treatment combines medical management and psychosocial support. Detoxification may be needed for withdrawal, followed by pharmacotherapies such as naltrexone, acamprosate, or disulfiram. Behavioral therapies, counseling, motivational interviewing, and participation in mutual-help groups can support recovery. Screening and integrated care in healthcare settings improve long-term outcomes.

Public health and social factors—genetics, environment, and stigma—shape risk and access to care. Policy measures such as pricing, age limits, advertising restrictions, and brief interventions in clinics aim to reduce harmful drinking. The term 'alcoholic' is less favored in contemporary medical language, which uses 'person with alcohol use disorder' for precision and respect.