ARDS

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung injury characterized by acute onset of respiratory failure, diffuse alveolar damage, and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. It is often caused by severe trauma, sepsis, or severe pneumonia. ARDS is typically diagnosed based on clinical criteria, including acute onset of respiratory distress, bilateral infiltrates on chest X-ray, and the absence of left atrial hypertension. The severity of ARDS is often classified into mild, moderate, and severe categories based on the degree of oxygenation and ventilation.

The pathophysiology of ARDS involves the activation of the inflammatory response, leading to the release of cytokines and other mediators that damage the alveolar-capillary barrier. This results in the accumulation of fluid and proteins in the alveoli, leading to respiratory failure. The primary goal of treatment is to support oxygenation and ventilation, and to manage the underlying cause of the ARDS. Corticosteroids and prone positioning have been shown to improve outcomes in some patients with ARDS. The prognosis of ARDS is poor, with a mortality rate of up to 40% in severe cases. Early recognition and aggressive management are crucial for improving outcomes in patients with ARDS.