AKT1AKT2AKT3

AKT1AKT2AKT3 refers to a group of three highly homologous serine/threonine kinase genes in humans: AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3. These genes encode for proteins that are crucial components of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway. This pathway plays a vital role in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell growth, proliferation, survival, metabolism, and motility.

The AKT proteins, also known as Protein Kinase B (PKB), are activated by upstream signaling events, most notably by PI3K. Upon activation, AKT proteins phosphorylate a multitude of downstream substrates, thereby regulating their activity and influencing cellular functions. While the three AKT isoforms share significant structural and functional similarities, they also exhibit distinct expression patterns and potentially specialized roles. AKT1 is ubiquitously expressed and has been extensively studied. AKT2 is predominantly expressed in tissues like muscle and adipose tissue, and its role in insulin signaling and glucose metabolism is well-established. AKT3 is primarily found in the brain and is implicated in neuronal development and function.

Dysregulation of AKT signaling, often due to mutations or amplification of AKT genes or upstream activators, is frequently observed in various human cancers. This aberrant signaling can promote tumor growth, survival, and resistance to therapy. Consequently, the AKT pathway, including the AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3 kinases, has become a significant target for cancer drug development. Inhibitors designed to block AKT activity are being investigated and used in clinical settings.